1浑铸法铜雕铸造工艺：商代以前的铜雕铸造工艺都是浑铸法，即一次性浇铸成型。该法分三个方面：合金、浇铸、制范。(1)合金就是根据所制铜雕器物的需要将铜和锡按一定比例配合在一起，放在熔铜炉中加热熔化成青铜溶液，即可用于浇铸。合金不同配比用于何种青铜器是有不同的，如越王勾践剑的比例中，铜为80%，锡占20%。(2)浇铸青铜关公，将青铜溶液从浇口注入合范之中，铜液冷却后，拆掉内外范，再打磨修整，即告完成。(3)制范是制作陶范。先制铜雕模，就是先用泥土做出一件与将要铸造的铜雕同样大小的模型，纹饰和铭文也要同时在上面刻好，然后阴干、烘烤使其坚硬。接着翻制外范，用水与细纱、泥土及切碎的植物茎杆调成泥浆，抹印在泥模上，待泥浆半干之后，用刀分割成几块取下，阴干再烤硬，就成为外范。内范的制作是用泥土照泥模形状减去器壁的厚度做成，内壁如有铭文，还需将铭文反刻在内范表面。阴干烤硬后，将内范和外范组装在一起，用绳索捆绑固定，再用厚泥包裹，留出浇铸铜液的浇口和排出范内空气的孔道，此时内外范之间的空间就是欲铸铜雕的形状。2、商代分铸法工艺装饰：也就是将铜雕器体和附件分别铸造，分铸法又分先铸法和后铸法。3、失蜡法和焊接法4、错金银、包金银、鎏金、刻錾等新的装饰技术。

1. Hun-casting copper carving casting process: Before Shang Dynasty, all copper carving casting processes were Hun-casting process, i.e. one-time casting. The method has three aspects: alloy, casting and standard making. (1) Alloys are made according to the needs of copper carvings, copper and tin in a certain proportion together, placed in a copper furnace heating and melting into bronze solution, can be used for casting. There are different kinds of bronzes with different alloy proportions, such as 80% copper and 20% tin in Goujian sword of Yue King. (2) Casting bronze Guangong, pouring bronze solution into the standard from the gate, cooling the copper solution, removing the inner and outer parts, then grinding and dressing, that is to complete. (3) Model making is pottery model making. Pre-made copper sculpture is to make a model of the same size as the copper sculpture to be cast with clay. The decorations and inscriptions should be carved on it at the same time, and then dried and baked to make it hard. Then the exterior model is turned into mud by mixing water with spinning yarn, soil and shredded plant stems, and then printed on the mud mould. After the mud is half-dry, the mud is cut into several pieces with a knife and then dried in shade and then baked hard, which becomes the www.hanbaiyushidiao.cnwww.shaiban.net.cnwww.shidiaodaxiang.cnwww.xiaoxieqi.com.cnwww.banjiacz.cn

www.datongbanjia.cnexterior model. The inner model is made of clay according to the shape of the clay mould minus the thickness of the wall. If there are inscriptions on the inner wall, the inscriptions need to be inscribed on the inner model surface. After drying and baking, the inner and outer fans are assembled together, tied and fixed with ropes, then wrapped with thick mud, leaving the gate for casting copper liquid and the passage for discharging air in the fan. At this time, the space between the inner and outer fans is the shape of the copper carving to be cast. 2. Shang Dynasty partition casting process decoration: that is to say, the copper carving body and accessories are cast separately, and the partition casting process is divided into the first casting method and the second casting method. 3. Loss of wax method and welding method 4. New decoration technologies such as wrong gold and silver, wrapped gold and silver, minced gold and engraved chips.